A Case Examination of Policy for Natural Resource Management Essay

A Case Examination of Policy for Natural Resource Management - Essay Example In terms of public sentiment it’s understood that there is substantial public divide in regards to zoning considerations. The older residents of the town generally reject increased zoning and public policy measures, while the newer residents have sought a more structured policy. Adding to the dilemma are two major land use considerations; namely, the land areas in question contribute in substantial ways to the Albany metropolitan region’s water supply, and an impact on the surrounding natural habitat. In addition to these natural concerns, there are concerns related to changes in the social environment and increased need for infrastructure to meet the demands of development. One of the notable features of the public community is that while older and newer residents disagree on the extent of public control the land should be under, they both are in agreement in regards to the sorts of preservation that should occur. In these regards, the question becomes more one of gove rnmental control than it does of disagreements over the types of measures that should be enacted. Even as the older residents oppose government policy measures, it’s clear that they must be enacted; as such, the following policies represent a compromise between desires for land control and the need for regulatory measures. Zoning In terms of zoning there are a number of concerns that must be addressed when deciding on a course of action. The most overarching concern is the balance that must be achieved between land-use and water supply. This policy reports recommends that a comprehensive investigation be made into the proportion of land use and water supply that is necessary for the adjoining reservoir. In developing a suitable compromise between old and new residents a zoning policy were be enacted with different regulations for current and future residents. Upon determining these figures, zoning will be determined along a proportion system. In these regards, there will be established a policy that balances resident seniority and land size, with zoning policy. Transfer and Purchase of Development Rights; Land Trusts; Differential Property Taxation While current landowners will experience a proportionate allotment of land-use within the specified figures, the transfer and purchase of development right s to future owners will be given increased restrictions. In these regards, individuals seeking to purchase development rights for recreational procedures will only be able to do so within the boundaries of the proportionate measures. Current land owners seeking to transfer development rights to outside parties will need to do so within the proportionate standards that are established by the water supply statistics. This will ensure that the base land needs for the adjoining reservoir will never be circumvented through increased land use. Another major concern of current residents was maintaining the current social climate, as well as the increased infrastructure needs brought on by the new residents. As a means of addressing these concerns it’s recommended that the regional authority institute differential property taxation. In these regards, outside of the proportional restrictions put in place for the adjoining reservoir, there will be no zoning that restricts the developme nt of a specific type of use. However, the regional authority will institute a quarterly tax rate that is designed to regulate the transfer, purchase, and development of property. It is understood that increased taxation on recreational land use will slow down development in this zone. This will ensure that a steady social climate is maintained and that the region has the funding to support increased infrast

Reflective cycle Essay Example for Free

Reflective cycle Essay I will reflect on an incident that occurred during my shift to develop positive attitude towards nursing informatics. In this reflection, I am going to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective cycle. This model is a recognized framework for my reflection. Gibbs (1988) consist of six stages to complete one cycle which is able to improve my nursing informatics and learning from the experience for better practice in future. The cycle starts with description of the situation, analysis of the feelings, evaluation of experience, analysis to make sense of experience, and conclusion of what else I could have done and also action plan to prepare if the situation arose again. However, Siviter (2004) explains that reflection is about gaining self confidence ,identify when to improve, learning from own mistakes and behavior, looking at other people perspectives, being self aware and improving the future by learning from the past. In my context with the patients, it is important that the nurse incorporates nursing informatics to improve health care delivery. However Hebda and Czar (2009) defines nursing informatics as the use of information and computer technology to support all aspects of nursing practice, including direct delivery of care ,administration, education and research. Nursing informatics involves the use of computer based information system which according to Stair and Reynolds (2008,pg 4) is defined as a set of interrelated components that collect ,manipulate, store and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective. Description I had just reported from the four months maternity leave and during the shift changeover, I was informed by my colleagues of the new method of requesting for investigations online and that I was to see the team leader to take me through the process. I heard my colleagues discuss a lot on how the new system was consuming their time and since it had been made a hospital policy they had no choice than to adhere to it. This did not sound interesting to me as I did not even have computer literacy and wondered why the institution had changed the system. I shied off from seeking help from my team leader since I did not want to be embarrassed for not being a computer literate. I decided that I am going to use the old method and when I am asked,I will defend myself and say that I did not know about it. Unfortunately, the team leader did not realize that I had just reported from long leave and needed updates or maybe she waited for me to take an initiative to seek for updates from her as it always happens when one comes back from long leave which did not happen. During the doctor’s rounds, one of my patients had some request for investigations and because the phlebotomy rounds had already taken place, one of the doctors obtained the blood from the patient and left for me to charge and send it to the laboratory. I decided to give the health care assistant the specimen to take to the laboratory hoping that the laboratory technicians would charge it as they had always done before the introduction of the new system. During the exit round, the doctor inquired on the report and when I called the lab they said that I was supposed to check from the computer. Since I did not have any computer literacy, I pretended that I was checking but the doctor got impatient and decided to check by himself. On checking, the doctor found that the specimen was never charged and so could not access the report. On calling the laboratory technician, it was reported to the doctor that the specimen was discarded because it was assumed to be a reject since they had not found the details online. The doctor got so upset with me and insisted that I should explain to the patient what happened so that he could obtain more specimen. I got so confused because I didn’t have the exact words to tell to the patient. I then gathered courage and told the patient that the specimen obtained earlier was not enough for the investigations requested and that we needed to obtain more specimen.at first, the patient could not understand but after a second thought, she gave the consent and the specimen was obtained. This time round the doctor lost trust in me and decided to charge by himself and gave a health care assistant to take the specimen to the laboratory. Feelings On reflection of the incident, I felt so embarrassed because such things are not supposed to happen to a senior nurse who is supposed to be giving guidance to the junior nurses. I also felt irresponsible for not seeking help from my colleques on charging the patient’s specimen and that I had not taken the initiative to see the team leader to give me the updates that occurred while I was away. I felt empathetic for the patient and blamed myself for not taking the proper action. I also felt at my level I needed to have computer literacy because that is what hindered me from seeking help. The American Nurses Association (2007) states that the experienced nurse builds up on the competencies required for practitioners using basic computer skills to information regarding the patient and has to be proficient in her/his area of specialization. The doctors, and other nurses felt upset for my action. Evaluation Good points. After the incident, it made me think of how I would have handled the situation and how important computer information literacy is to me and other healthcare practitioners. Selvasekaran (2008) defines computer literate health care provider as that who has basic understanding of the computer hardware, common types of software and different ways in which software application can be used in patient care environment. Association of college and research libraries (2002) defines information literacy as the ability to recognize when information is needed as well as the skills to find, evaluate and use needed information effectively. Bad points. It was a shame that my negligence of seeking information led to the waste of patient’s specimen leading to waste of time in obtaining the results. It also caused more pain to the patient since the patient needed to be pricked again and this added extra stressors to the patient who was already stressed by her illness. The other bad point is that the laboratory technician discarded patient’s specimen instead of calling the ward for it to be charged. Analysis I wondered why the institution had changed from the old system of requesting for investigations, I then remembered that earlier I had read from a book on the importance/benefits of nursing informatics in a healthcare setup which included: †¢Improved access to information. †¢Error reduction improved communication. †¢Decreased redundancy on data entry. †¢Convenience. †¢Decreased time spent in medication administration documentation †¢Increased time for client care †¢Facilitation of data collection for research †¢Improved record security †¢Improved quality of care and patient satisfaction (Hebda and Czar 2009 pg 37). I then realized that the old method did not have the above qualities and so the institution opted for the new system. In this case there was ignorance of seeking information due to lack of computer and information literacy. Maybe I would have given the sample to my colleagues who were well informed to charge. I also could have called the laboratory technician and inform that the specimen had not been charged. It is good that I finally learnt from my my mistake and that the second sample drawn was charged and results acquired. However, having no computer literacy information literacy does not make my action acceptable. Conclusion. My reflection of this event explores how important nursing informatics is in a healthcare set up and that all the healthcare providers should have knowledge on nursing informatics. The whole issue was embarrassing and I felt that instead of just sending the specimen and assuming that the lab technicians will charge, I would have given it to my colleagues to charge or inform the laboratory technician that I was not able to charge the specimen hence helping them to take an appropriate decision instead of discarding it. Also instead of shying off from seeking the information on the new system from the team leader, I would have gained a little knowledge from my colleagues on how to operate the computer and then boldly proceed to the team leader for more information. This showed that I was not wise enough. According to American Nurses Association (2007) wisdom occurs when knowledge is used appropriately to manage and solve problems. Results from understanding and requires human effort. However, If I had availed myself for the information, this mess would not have happened. Action plan. In order to prevent the incident from happening again, it is important that when I come back from a long leave, I should take the initiative to seek for updates from my colleagues and also the team leader taking in account the sensitive issues like this one.I should also seek help from my colleagues of things that am not certain of so as to prevent unpleasant incidences from happening. The action I took after the incidence was to write an incident form so that others could learn from my mistake. I also sought the information on online investigation request from my colleagues and team leader and also enrolled in computer classes so that I could have enough knowledge on computer literacy since the information I got from my colleagues and team leader was so particular and only concerned requesting of investigations and obtaining reports.i also called laboratory technicians and informed them to always call the ward before discarding patients specimens. I have learnt that there can be many positive learning opportunities from the mistakes we make. Reflection can sometimes show your shortcomings and this can be an excuse not to reflect, but by taking negative incidences positively you can turn around change yourself for the better. I am now computer and information literate. References: American Nurses Association. (2007). Scope and standards of nursing informatics practice.Washington: American Nurses. Association of College and Research Libraries. (2002). Information literacy competencestandards for higher education. Retrieved in November 18, 2002, fromhttp://www.ala.org/acrl/ilintro.html#ildef. Gibbs (1998). Learning by doing. A guide to teaching and learning methods. Further educatingunit. Oxford: Oxford polytechnic. Hebda, T., Czar, P. (2009). Handbook on informatics for nurses and healthcare professionals.(4th ed.) . Pearson: New Jersey. Selvasekaran, J. (2008). Essentials of computer for nurses. (2nd ed.). Mumbai: Jaypee brothers. Siviter, B. (2004). The student nurse handbook. Philadelphia: Baillere Tindall. Stair, R., Reynolds. (2008). Principles of information systems. (8th ed.).Boston: Thompsoncourse technology.

Introduction To Rubber Tree Computer Science Essay

Introduction To Rubber Tree Computer Science Essay Rubber tree is a tree that is used by the world community to collect the product. The product from rubber trees not only wood but also sap. However, the main product is rubber latex itself. Rubber trees are not available in many countries in the world. It was first found in the forests of Brazil. So far many countries for the purpose of planting rubber trees and agricultural economies of their countries in Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Indonesia especially. Planting date became one of the major industries in these countries as economic resources and produce quality rubber. Rubber seedlings began to be brought into Malaysia from Brazil in 1877 from Hevea Brasiliansis sepsis. However, commercial rubber cultivation began in 1902 and continues to grow at the same time contributing to the highest exports in the Philippines until the 1970s. Hence, Malaysia is a major producer after Indonesia and Thailand. However, state revenue through sales of rubber-based products began to decline in recent years due to the use of synthetic rubber is more expensive than natural rubber in the market. To overcome this problem a lot of steps have been made to improve the quality of rubber produced. At the same time, a new effort has been made to diversify the products and rubber-based products. Besides latex, rubber trees have also been used in the furniture industry; the rubber leaves the country but also now has its own value in the handicraft industry in Malaysia. Seeing the potential and the rubber industry are very proud and vibrant, the planting of rubber is recognized as a long-term enterprise that requires careful planning and commitment to achieve lasting results and quality. PROBLEM STATEMENT The thing that should do in this final project is to improve already tapping knife at market so that it can simplify rubber tapper to do their works. The products at market and also use by tappers are not comfort and ergonomic to hold. Besides, the knife uses by rubber tappers at this time need a high skill to use. It is hard for new rubber tapper or anyone that dont have a skill to conduct this particular works. If the tap is too deep it can cause damage on the wood. In this project most important thing should be done is improve at latex incise machine at market now a days so that it can simplify tapper to do their work. The existing product at market always used by tappers not really comfort and ergonomic to be hold. Besides, the knife has been used by tappers need a high skill to use. If the incision is too deep will cause touch the stem tree and make the tree have a bump on it. So, to improvement that will do on this knife so that it can be used by tappers or even other people who do not have an experience or skill before. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT To ensure that these problems can be overcome, some objectives have been placed so do not come out of its original purpose to solve the problem. The objective of this set is referred to the statement of the problem. The objectives are: Design a new knife so that it is comfort when use. It can be use by anyone who does not have a skill also. The tapping knife using electricity concept and can produce a same quantity and quality by using conventional method. SCOPE OF WORK The scope of this project is to design a comfort incise machine when hold by using material can absorb the vibration while tapping process. Besides, this tapping knife will be add with electrical element to make the incision process faster and produce a same quality and quantity with using the conventional way. The usage of electrical element inside the incise machine easy to used and can be recharge the battery so that tappers cannot spent a much money on that. The incise machine should have a mark so that it can be used by people who do not have skill. After that, the fabrication of the machine should be do and test. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW HISTORY OF RUBBER TREE Rubber was originally used by native Central and South America. They have learned to produce a variety of latex products such as shoes are simple, bottles and a ball that can bounce. The famous traveler Christopher Columbus since 1496 the indigenous peoples of the world have seen playing with rubber ball like this. Materials that are considered odd were brought into Europe, and scientists have begun studying this material carefully to know the true state of this material. Starting in the early 19th century, changes began to occur. In 1820, a person who is of English, Thomas Hancock invented a machine to soften, mix and form a rubber scrap. As a result of using this machine is a flexible and waterproof. In the 1870s, the Sir Henry Nickham was sent to Brazil to collect rubber seeds. Over 70,000 rubber seeds were collected and brought back to England. Half of the seeds that were planted in special hot houses at Kew Gardens is located in London. Rubber seedlings sent to Sri Lanka and Pakistan and then to other countries in Southeast Asia to be planted on a large scale In 1839, an American, Charles Goodyear was aware that the raw rubber could be improved by heating it with sulfur. This process known as vulcanization process. In the vulcanization process is to improve the quality of the rubber. Changes in temperature either low temperature or vice versa does not affect the rubber member is processed with this new way. With more discoveries of rubber has become an extremely popular and used until now even become a very important matter in life. Rubber has many uses. Malaysia became one of the main suppliers of rubber in the world. With the weather hot and humid all year round in Malaysia, it is suitable for rubber cultivation on a large scale. The end of the 19th century, the use of cars in the United States began preferred. Not long later, Henry Ford was producing thousands of cars at the factory. Accordingly, the demand for rubber tires and spare parts of other cars has soared. So, the more rubber trees were planted to supply the required rubber. Many rubber plantations are open either a small or large from the north down to south of Malaysia. All of this is to accommodate the high demand for the world rubber industry. Therefore, many countries follow the rest of the world. THE DISEASES OF RUBBER TREE Rubber tree planted should be treated with good care and require regular monitoring. If the rubber trees are planted not be maintained and regularly monitoring it will cause the rubber tree easy to get infected. However, the diseases of rubber trees are not only attacking the young and new rubber trees but also attacks matured tree. Therefore, careful monitoring should be conducted with regular frequency so that the rubber trees grow healthy and lead to a good quality rubber. The diseases namely: Root disease (Penyakit Akar) Mushroom Disease (Penyakit Cendawan) Stem disease 2.2.1 Root Disease Root disease is a deadly disease that attacks the matured rubber tree. Root diseases cause by fungi that attack the root bark at first, and then penetrate the wood and rubber tree roots eventually become outdated and dead. Fungal spores to be blown by the air and landed in any parts of the rubber tree wood that s expose due to wound or injury. In addition, root disease may be cause by a meeting of the roots; the well roots meet with disease roots. There are six types of diseases that attack the roots of rubber tree, the white root disease (Penyakit akar putih), red root disease (penyakit akar merah) and brown root disease (penyakit akar perang) that can be classified into major types. The name of root disease is based on the skin colour. Another three types of root disease are called Penyakit Akar LapukUstulina, Penyakit Akar Lapuk Poria,and Penyakit Akar Lapuk Busuk. White Root Disease (Penyakit Akar putih) The name of fungus that attack white root disease is Rigidoporous Lignosus. The white root disease assumes the most dangerous because it is easy to faster spread. The fungus is white colour and look like a thread covered around the root. The shape of Rigidoporous Lignosus is circle and big at based and sharp thin at the end and getting change at the colour to light orange. The mother of the fungus is orange at the top and red at the bottom. The mother of fungus usually can be seen at the dead stumps and its always attack a young tree. Red Root Disease (Penyakit Akar Merah) The fungus that attack red root disease called Ganoderma Pseudoferrum. This fungus is red and blotched at root. This disease attack by soil attached to the root. The mother of red root disease is dark red at the top and light grey at bottom part. This fungus is usually found on dead stumps because of the infected of the disease. Brown Root Disease (Penyakit Akar Perang) Â  The fungus that attack brown root disease is called Phellius Noxius. The fungus condition of brown root disease is almost same with red root disease but the colour of the fungus is brown. The root condition that attack by the disease is freckled when its cut into two. Besides, it is can be seen the strips on the surface. Others Root Diseases Besides the big root disease, there are three types of small root disease. Penyakit Akar Lapuk Ustulina because of Ustulina Deusta fungus. This type of disease can be treated by loping which root that have infected and then swept with tar. Penyakit Akar Lapuk Poria because of Poria Hyperbrunnea. The way to solve the disease is same with Penyakit Akar Lapuk Ustulina. For penyakit Akar Lapuk Busuk it is because Sphaerostilbe Repens. This disease can be treated by remove all the infected tree together with its roots. In addition, the water system should be repaired so that root disease can be controlled. 1.2.2 Bad Mushroom Disease In bad mushroom disease there are three types of it, which: Bad Mushroom Disease The fungus that attack bad is Ceratocystis Fimbriota. The rubber tree that always attack by bad mushroom disease is a clone tree which PR107 and RRIM600. Bad mushroom disease usually attack tapping panel at rainy season moreover if the field is copse. The tapping panel will be obsolete and there are fine patches in white colour which a little upper from the incision groove. Next, the patches change into grey. When grow, the patches are not same with the groove incision. The fungal spores Ceratocystis Fimbriota can spread faster when it is blown by air or wind and insects. Besides, the infection of the bad mushroom disease also happened through incision instruments mostly the knife itself. Black Scratch Disease (Penyakit Calar Hitam) The fungus that attack black scratch disease is Phytophthora Palmirora. This disease attack on the incision panel of the tree. Rubber trees that always infected by these diseases are from clone PB 86, PR107, AVRUS 2037, RRIM 600 and RRIM 623. Incision Panel Necrosis (Nekrosis Panel Torehan) The fungus that attack the incision panel necrosis is called Fusarium Solani. These types of disease attack a new panel incision and sometimes also attack the old tree. The types of tress that always attack by this particular disease are; PB 5/51, PB 28/83, PR 107, RRIM 605, RRIM 612, RRIM 623 and RRIM 628. Panel incision disease attack a new panel and boundary groove panel. Sometimes, this disease attacks the injury of the tree. The injury diameter in 0.5 until 1.5cm dark brown colour or may be grey can be seen at the incision groove. Wind Fungal Disease (Penyakit Cendawan Angin) The fungal name of the wind fungal disease is Corticum Salmonicolor. This disease usually attack limb and branch of rubber tree age between three to eight years old. This disease worst on rainy season. The trees that expose to the disease are RRIM 501, RRIM 600, RRIM 607, PB 28/59 and PR 255. 1.2.3 Stem Disease There are two types in stem disease. The two types are: Bad Stem Disease (Penyakit batang Lapuk Ustulina) The name of the fungus is Ustulina Deusta. This disease attack everywhere around tree stems. The fly Ustulina Deusta fungus spores will penetrate the stems tree through the expose tissue or old illness. Besides, there are trees that injured because of lightning and burn easy to get this disease. Phellinus Bad Stem Disease (Penyakit Batang Lapuk Phellinus) The fungus that attacks these types of disease is called Phellinus Noxius. This disease always attack matured tree. The fungus spores attack and infect parts or injured limb, the infected mostly happened at injured because of air blow. The injured part then will spread until the root of the tree. The stem the will form like a bees nest because of the disease. RUBBER PROCESSING The raw latex from rubber tapper need to process before it is sent to factory or export. The processing of raw latex is in few ways. For example of the process is based on the weight, pure latex is 1/3 of rubber besides sugar, protein and salt that dissolved together in water. The first process called conglomeration process. The latex then will be sieve first to remove all unneeded stain and foreign material. Next, the latex will pour into a tank or big reservoir with much water and will be added ascetic acid or formic inside it. This will cause the particle of the rubber combine together and became a solid conglomeration. Inside the tank, the latex will form into rubber sheet by using a metal plate. This rubber sheet then will be sent to do a drying process. A big roller use to squeeze the water that still inside the dried rubber as much as can. The next step is the rubber sheets will cut into small parts and will dry once again by smoky process. This process indirectly avoid the rubber sheet from infect by fungus. Another one process to produce a rubber is the rubber will be cut into smaller pieces by machine and will added an oil inside it, drying and will be pressed became a rubber. Besides, rubber also sells inform of latex. Water will be separate from the water and then it will add some chemical to avoid the latex became conglomeration. Therefore, these processes did by machine. The processed latex called viscous latex and this latex very useful mostly for factories that produce goods like rubber glove and host pipe. HOW THE RUBBER TREE BEING INCISE To get much quantity and result of the latex, the tree must be incised by early morning. This is because at the early morning latex is easy to flow and produce much latex when incise. Even so, if the tree incised at late evening or even noon the latex is hard to flow and produce little latex compared incise at early morning. To incise, rubber tapper need a special knife to incise stem bark layer. The process to incise the bark need to do very detail and carefully so that it cannot hurt the stem tree. The incision will pierce over the cells of the tree and then latex will flow slowly through it and go into the cup that placed at the bottom stem tree. The cup that container the rubber placed at the bottom of incision stem bark area. However, to start incision at a new tree and not ever incise before, the incision should start 150cm from the root or land and diameter 45cm. The latex that flow out from the tree is white and like milk. The latex will stop from flow two to three hours afte r the incision process. After two or three hours rubber tapper came back to collect the product by pouring the latex into a bucket. After that, rubber tappers bring their product to collecting centre. At the collecting centre, buyers already there to buy their entire product to send to the factory that need a rubber product. Even so, if the selling in form of rubber scrap rubber tappers will collect their product after two or three incision process equal with two or three days after the tree incised. The scrap will solidify based on the form of the cup. At the scrap can be see the line on solidify latex on the days. THE INCISION WAYS OF RUBBER TREE Rubber tree can be incised by two ways which: Pulling Way (Downwards Tapping) Pushing Way (Upwards Tapping) 1.5.1 Pulling Way Pulling incision usually used by most tappers in Malaysia especially in north. This way uses a different knife with pushing incision knife. The shape of this ways knife is curve at the end of the knife. 1.5.2 Pushing Way While pushing incision mostly use at south Malay namely Johor. The knife in this incision totally not same with pulling way knife because this knife shape is straight and V shape at the blade. However, tappers preferred to use pulling ways better then pushing way. Even there are two types of incision way, but the ways of incision never contribute to the how much the latex flow out or the quantity from the tree. INCISION TECHNIQUE The technique of incision is important so that the incised tree produce maximum latex. Moreover, the right technique contributes to good result for tappers. The purpose of the technique incision is to cut the latex channel systematically where the latex can be produce systematically. This technique is introduced by RISDA. There are some factors contribute to the better result. The factors are: The Channel of Incision The incise tree will produce latex which flow out through the channel inside the bark tree itself. The location of these channels placed at left bottom around the stem tree and lean about 3.7Â ° to 5Â ° from vertical line. To produce the latex from the tree, the channels should be cut. The furrow of incision must do from left top to right bottom for cut much latex channel. Location of latex channel Wrong incision way Right incision way Figure 2.6.1 The channel of incision The Steep of Channel Incision The channel incision should be made by way so that to get the maximum result with a minimum bark uses. The preferred is 30Â °. The bark of clone tree usually thinner, but the latex is much, the extra steep make the latex flow out faster into the ready cup and it not overflow to the stem of the tree. The High of Channel Incision The high of channel incision should make from the ground up to150cm or 5 feet. The high can be measure by a special instrument or for old tappers they can assume the high and the steep itself. If there is a limb between high 150cm, the limb should be lopped. The Trunk Diameter The stem or trunk can be opened is 45cm incision site, measured according to the recommended height of 150cm for the ground or land. Tapping Time The best time to do tapping process is when the rubber tree can be seen without the aid of light or about 6.30a.m. Tugor pressure are still strong at that time accelerate the flow of latex. Besides, the tree is still fresh and efficiently drains the latex. The result tapping at 6a.m more than 20% than tapping at 2p.m where the normal incision cannot be implemented because of rain and wet his incision site and through late incision is at 11a.m. The Depth of Incision The bark of the rubber tree consists of several layers: Outer layer Skin cork: as a protective layer inside. Second layer Hard cover: also known as layer of rock because there are very little vessels of latex. Third layer Soft skin: there are many channels inside it. Table 1.6.6 Number of latex vessels cut The latex channel position is in the ring in the closed circle. Near the timber there is a cambium skin. The fifth layer is the channel horizontally across the skin, called the radius of the pitch. Role in bringing water from the cambium allergic skin and food from skin wood. Number of latex vessels cut The deep of tapping Number of latex vessels cut 2.0mm from the skin 1.5mm from the skin 1.0mm from the skin 0.5mm from the skin 38 48 62 80The Thickness of Incision Table 2.6.7 Number of latex vessel cut The thickness of incision did not significantly affect the production of latex because latex are coming out are equal. Thick slices will: Curtail economic age of rubber trees. Recovery could not tap the skin. Just enough to remove the clog pumps latex at the end of the channels estimation interval of 1mm to hack a day. To score two and three day interval required for same thick skin incision on the beam was gradually dried. CALCULATION METHOD OF PRODUCTIVITY AND SELLS PRICE OF RUBBER Rubber Productivity Calculation PRODUCT (kg/hec/year) = g/t/t x NTS/1000 Where; g/t/t result for one incision tree NTS number of tree for one hectare NID number of incision day Example: g/t/t = 30g NTS = 500 trees NID = 144 days Product (hectare/year) = 30 x 500 x 144/1000 = 2, 160kg Rubber Sells Price Calculation SMR 20 Price = 560.00 cent/kg Discount price: = 100.00 cent/kg Sos = 13.17 cent/kg Processing cost = 35.00 cent/kg Logistic/shipping cost = 10.00 cent/kg Others cost = 11.22 cent/kg Transportation = 10.00 cent/kg Margin = 10.00 cent/kg Total = 120.00 cent/kg Price for 100% KGK: = 560 120.00 cent/kg = 440.00 cent/kg 50% KGK: 440 cent x 50% = 220.00 cent/kg 55% KGK: 440 cent x 55% = 242.00 cent/kg 62% KGK: 440 cent x 62% = 272.80 cent/kg KGK Kandungan Getah Kering Example: Wet scrap product = 4,000 kg/hectare/year KGK = 50% Income = 4,000kg x 220 cent/kg = RM 8,800/hectare/year PRODUCT OF RUBBER OR LATEXS All transportation in road and air like cars, buses, lories, bicycle and airplane are use tyre made from rubber. Rubber use to make tyres because it resist to high temperature when it friction to the road. The production of world rubber spends about 60% to tyres industries. Tyre divides to four components which inner tube, side wall, frame and the pattern of the tyre. In tyre processing the most important element is carbon. Carbon is fine black powder that make tyre is black. For each kilogram rubber use to produce tyre, almost half of that are carbon. Besides, carbon able to increase rubber strength and it can avoid the tyre from torn. Another raw material used in tyre process is steel thread, nylon synthetic rubber and so on. The base of tyre is frame. The frame produced by insert the rubber into the roller machine. The machine will process rubber mixture until it became a smooth rubber sheet. The rubber sheet will friction with something called tetulang. The side wall as a protector from damage. The side wall and the tyres pattern are built separately. Lastly the tyre will go to machine to do the shaping process. The machine called press machine. All tyres have a different structure. For example, airplane uses 100% pure rubber in their process. 2.9 PATENT SEARCH For this product which latex incise machine, there have no paten because almost rubber tappers use conventional way to tapping which use an old knife. However, there still have private person who design and develop an incise machine to simplify tappers to tapping with comfort and more ergonomic. Even so, the designed incise machine not be patented and this is cause the related data of the machine none. For that matter, in this research, existing product used to be studied detail about usage of the already existing instrumentation. EXISTING PRODUCT OF TAPPING KNIFE The existing product at market took to be studied about their usage detail before design a new incise machine for tapper. The existing product at market now days still the conventional way which using the traditional knife to tap. However, there are knifes got a little improvement on it to simplify tappers. Figure 2.10.1 Traditional knife The picture above shows the traditional knife use by almost rubber tappers in Malaysia. The knife made by metal entire the knife. The holder of the knife make by metal too. Even though the price of the knife cheap but if the blade or the cutter of the knife is broken then tappers need to change to the new one. The holder is hard and will hurt tappers hand when they hold on it. Figure 2.10.2 Improved knife This is another one of tapping knife sells at market. This knife is improved by the old knife. This knife was designed and produce by Electrolux Company. The holder made by plastic. This way can reduce hurt and force on tappers hand when their use this knife. Besides, this knife has a roller at the cutter to easier tapping process. The knife can move freely and easy without stuck because of this roller. The cutter blade also has an adjuster to setup the required deep and thickness when tapping. In addition, this instrument is light in their weight because it has been change the material at the holder. OTHERS TECHNOLOGY Besides the current technology or conventional way use now days to get latex, there is another technique use to get latex from rubber tree which called Impale way. Impale way use a special needle made from steel. This way very seldom use in Malaysia or even entire world. This is because this technique just produces a little latex than using a tapping technique using knife. This technique did by impale the needle to make a small hole at the bark or skin of rubber tree by followed the latex channel inside the bark. Other technique to produce maximum latex when tapping is using a gas to embolden the latex flow out. One of the techniques called G-Flex technique. This technique was introduced by RISDA. This way is used about five years ago. The usage of this technique increases the income of rubber tappers for many times. This technique is a embolden technique that used etilina gas that give to the tree directly with a periodic time. It is use a special instrument and just need a short incision. Usage of this way will produce 100% latex than using already existing technique. The use of this gas is safe and friendly user and nature with a cheaper cost. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter will describe how the designing incision machine. Before do the designing process there are few factors that need to know and do to get some information and data about the existing incision instrument. Designing process starts with get information from related people in this industry. This information and data are very important to design an incision machine that can be accepted by people mostly by tappers. In this chapter also will describe how the finding information did and analyzed the information. After the analyzed process done, designing process can be start based on the customer requirement. 3.2 METHOD OF COLLECTING INFORMATION AND DATA To collect required information to enable designing new latex incise machine, a few methods are used. The used methods are the best methods to find and collect information based on the next process. This method have been choose because it can give more information require in order to dissolve this project. The methods used are: Questionnaire Observation Interview 3.2.1 Questionnaire For this method, the related questions asked to get the ensure, data and related information with the procedure and the management when incision process did. The questionnaire asks for rubber tappers in Kedah and Perlis. Most of the question is related with the incision technique and the product from the incision. 3.2.2 Observation This method did to see how the tappers work on the field and see the result. This method is done together with questionnaire while go to the field to see tappers work. 3.3.3 Interview This method did to know about the current technology that related with latex incise machine in Malaysia or even entire world. This interview did at RISDA Alor Setar main office. All the question that have been asked is about the technology of incision and about the rubber tree itself. 3.3 ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION AND DATA 3.3.1 Time tappers go to their work Figure 3.3.1 Chart of working time From the pie chart above it shows the time when the tappers go to their works. The charts tells the mostly tapper around five person from ten responders go to works at 8 a.m. follow by three responders go work at 7 a.m. and another two responders go work at 6 a.m. This is because most responders are women. They go for works after finish their works at house first before go to tapping. For responders who go for works at 6 a.m. is for contract tappers for example from Thailand. 3.3.2 Time of tappers working hours Figure 3.3.2 Chart of time of tapers working hours From the chart can be seeing that most of tapper works around five hours a day. It is follow by four hours and three hours a day. However, there still have tappers work more than five hours. The hour of working of tappers are actually depending on weather. If the day is rainy, tapper would not go to work and vice versa. Besides, the working hour also depend on the tappers effort to their work, if they have any matters to do so the working hour will be short and vice versa. 3.3.3 Days of tappers works in a week Figure 3.3.3 Chart of days of tappers work in a week The day of work by tapper is not consistent. It depends on area of the field. If tappers have more than one field, the tapping process in field will do alternate with other field but most of tappers work five days in a week follow by six days, four days and the rest is work almost every days. 3.3.4 Number of tree tapping in a day Figure 3.3.4 Chart of number of tapped tree in a day Most of tapper will tap more than 500 trees in a day. However, the number of tree is depending on the tappers effort to tap a number of the trees. The data followed by 400 trees, 300 trees and the rest is 200 and 100 trees in a day by the same value. The number o the tree will be tap is based on field area that tappers work on the day. One hectare of rubber field content about 500 to 550 trees. So, tapper will work based on the area of the field. 3.3.5 Time take to incise for a tree Figure 3.3.5 Chart of time of incision The time of the incising process is depending on the tappers skill. If the tapper has a high skill so they just need a short time for one incision process. From the pie chat above, all responders are needs ten second to incise one tree. 3.3.6 The way to incise Figure 3.3.6 Chart of incision technique There are two ways of incision technique which upwards incision and downwards incision. The chart shows all responders use downwards technique. This technique is base on tappers comfortable level when incise. Can be says that most tappers in Malaysia use downwards technique to incise better than upwards technique. However, there is still has tapper use upwards technique. The analysis above describes few questions that contain in questionnaire. All those questions are to see the way of tappers manage their work and the technique of their work so that design process of new latex incise machine can do. 3.4 VOICE OF CUSTOMER NEED Voice

Comparison of Dylan Thomas Fern Hill and Robert Frosts Birches Essay

Comparison of Dylan Thomas' Fern Hill and Robert Frost's Birches Poets often use nature imagery to comment on the relationship between humans and the natural environment surrounding them. Traditionally, this relationship is portrayed in a positive manner as it places emphasis on the concept that nature is representative of beauty; consequently, embracing this representation will enlighten the human experience. The facets of that relationship are represented within Dylan Thomas' "Fern Hill" and Robert Frost's "Birches". Both poets invoke an image of nature that is picturesque, serene and innocent in order to convey a message that one can have a fulfilling life if they focus on the beauty that exists within the primary world. Conversely, Coleridge's "Dejection: An Ode" contains a different interpretation of what one's relationship with nature should involve. The speaker feels that a simple appreciation of beauty is insufficient; one must identify with that beauty through the soul in order to be enlightened. Despite the fact that "Fern Hill" and "Birches" initially appear to express satisfaction about the value of superficial human experiences, when analyzed in conjunction with "Dejection: An Ode", the meanings of these two poems are altered. Frost's "Birches", Thomas' "Fern Hill" and Coleridge's "Dejection: An Ode" all convey different levels of dejection upon initial examination; however, when contrasting the expressions of the speaker and the imagery patterns of the poem, these levels of dejection become increasingly ambiguous. The relationship between the... ...rly, all three poems contain elements of dejection at one point; however, the presence of that dejection is tested in Coleridge's case, and increased within the Frost and Thomas poems. It is incredibly ironic that the one poem that was an ode to dejection turned out to be the most positive of the three. WORKS CITED Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. "Dejection: An Ode." The Broadview Anthology of Poetry. Eds. Herbert Rosengarten and Amanda Goldrick-Jones. Peterborough: Broadview P, 1993. 183. Frost, Robert. "Birches." The Broadview Anthology of Poetry. Eds. Herbert Rosengarten and Amanda Goldrick-Jones. Peterborough: Broadview P, 1993. 410. Thomas, Dylan. "Fern Hill." The Broadview Anthology of Poetry. Eds. Herbert Rosengarten and Amanda Goldrick-Jones. Peterborough: Broadview P, 1993. 632.

I Am Not Esther Essay

In the text ‘I am not Esther’ written by Fleur Beale a character I liked was Kirby Greenland. I liked Kirby because she taught me about the themes of loyalty, deception and a sense of your own identity. I liked Kirby because she had experiences a lot of changes in her life. The most significant change was finding her own identity as she grew and developed as a teenager. She was always determined to find her mother even when it felt like there was a brick wall at the end of the road. I also liked Kirby because she stayed true to who she really is even when she was forced to be someone who she really isn’t and also Kirby is also caring and always there if someone needs her. I am not Esther is about a loving mother and daughter relationship torn apart as a mother had to leave her life behind and leave her life and moves to Africa, but later we discovers that really she is still in the country but in a mental hospital. Her daughter has been told to stay with relatives that he has never heard of but they are no ordinary family, as they are members from a strict, very religious cult. They have changed her name from Kirby to Esther and forced to follow the severe set of social standards by the elders have created. They cannot interact with the normal outside world as there is no television, no radio, no newspaper and no mirrors. She is forced to wear long, modest clothing. She has no idea where her mother is and is beginning to question her own identity.

Chinese Whispers Essays

Chinese Whispers Essays Chinese Whispers Paper Chinese Whispers Paper Inform your response with reference to the novels narrative structure, James use of language to characterise the governess and your knowledge of the texts historical, cultural and critical context This essay will argue that neither the governess nor her narrative is reliable. This essay will argue its case by looking at the narrative structure, Henry Jamess use of language to characterise the governess and will also refer to other historical, cultural and critical opinions of the novel. Through all this, the essay will show how the story we are reading is not an ideal source of true events and then by looking at the psychological state of the Governess, this essay will show why she shouldnt be believed either. The story starts of with a man named Douglas telling a story to guests at a dinner party. It is from a manuscript passed down to him by the governess before she died. The manuscript tells us the main story of the governess. The story is set in the late 19th Century and is about the governess who is now in charge of the care of two orphans. Although the children seem to be well behaved and affectionate at first, she becomes more and more uneasy as she starts to see ghosts of her predecessors * The first point this essay will pick up on is the narrative unreliability. As the essay has briefly explained already, we are not getting that story directly from the governess. Instead the Turn of the Screw is one of the guests at the party, telling us the story which Douglas gave him which came from a manuscript given to him by the governess, which she wrote about her experience at Bly over twenty years ago, phew. Douglas said it was long ago Because this story has gone through so many people, there will probably be a Chinese Whispers effect, meaning that parts of the story have been subject to change since the events happened. Douglas also says that this narrative is from an extract of my own much later. This means that the story has been prone to alteration by the people passing it on and so we are probably not getting the true story of events. This greatly undermines the narrative reliability as its structure indicates that some parts of the narrative have been altered while others have been forgotten. The governess also wrote this as a retrospective account of events. She comments on her dreadful liability and how her story is true enough. The manuscript was written by the governess after events had occurred. She also says that I scarce know how to put my story into words. This is another example of how parts of the actual series of events are missed showing how we cant rely on this narrative to give us the true and exact series of events. Not only could parts have been forgotten, but parts could also have been added. There are examples where you can tell the governess has added parts to her narrative. She will often come up with massive long speeches that give the impression that she is in control: No, never from the hour you came back. You seemed so perfectly to accept the present. She also includes signposts in her narrative e. g the separation of the governess and Miles from Mrs Grose and Flora Mrs Grose and Flora had passed into the church We were for a minute alone If parts have been added to cover up her mistakes, then perhaps other things may have been removed disproving her claims. This therefore undermines the narrative reliability. The perspective in which the governesses story is written also undermines the narrative reliability. As it is written in the 1st person by the governess, the entire narrative is subject to the governesses influence and her influence alone. She uses plenty of 1st person pronouns I remember it which proves this is her personal account of events. She refers to her story with the words the strings of my invention This gives the impression that this story is her puppet and she has full control over it. We should not trust this story as it is heavily subjectivised and therefore it is unlikely that it will be entirely correct. There is only one other character in the story who could give us an extra perspective on events: Mrs Grose. However, Mrs Grose is being manipulated by the governess throughout the book. The governess admits she had formed the habit of keeping Grose well in hand. There are also examples where Mrs Grose takes on the governesses reasoning after being pressured by the governess Lord how I pressed her now. We only get the governesses perspective and any interjections from the interlocutor Mrs Grose are likely to be influenced by the governess. It also seems that the other characters in the book cannot be relied on for the truth.

Napoleon the Great Essays

Napoleon the Great Essays Napoleon the Great Essay Napoleon the Great Essay On August 15, 1769, a man by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte was the second of eight children born to Carlo Bonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino. Napoleon was born into Italian nobility in Ajaccio, Corsica, which one year before transferred its power to France by the Republic of Genoa. While such a birth might be so miniscule to so many during that age of time, the infant, known as Napoleon Bonaparte, would grow to be one of the most feared men and successful military leaders in all of Europe and shape European politics for the better part of the early 19th century. Growing up Napoleon and his family maintained minor Italian Nobility, with his father being an attorney and named Corsica’s representative to the Court of Louis XVI in 1777. His mother though, was the major influence during his childhood; she was able to maintain firm discipline allowing for her to restrain her rambunctious child. This strict upbringing and the nobility of his family provided Napoleon with bigger and better opportunities to study compared to the opportunities of the average Corsican of that time. Due to his family’s ability to provide him with a better education in 1779 Napoleon was enrolled in a religious school in Autun, located in the mainland of France. Later that year Napoleon was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Chateau. During his time at the military academy Napoleon still spoke with a Corsican accent and he never learned to spell properly. This caused many of the kids to tease him and as a direct result the young Napoleon turned to studying and becoming the best student he could be. This willingness to be a good student caused an observer to comment that Napoleon has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography This boy would make an excellent sailor. Following the completion of his studies at Brienne in 1784 Napoleon was admitted to the elite Ecole Militaire, in Paris. This quickly brought an end to his naval ambitions, which had led to his consideration of joining the British Royal Navy. With his change in direction in life, Napoleon trained to become an artillery officer, and following his father’s death, and his loss of finance, Napoleon was forced to complete a two year course in just one year. Following the completion of his artillery officer training and his graduation from the elite military school, Napoleon was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the La Fere artillery regiment. Once he was commissioned as a lieutenant, Bonaparte served on garrison duty in Valence, Drome, and Auxonne, until after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. At the same time though Napoleon took nearly two years of leave in Corsica and Paris. Following the outbreak of the French Revolution and his departure from his position as lieutenant, Bonaparte became somewhat of a Corsican nationalist and wrote the Corsican leader in 1789. Napoleon stated, As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me. The early parts of the French Revolution, and the Revolution in Corsica, Napoleon spent his time fighting a complex struggle, between revolutionaries, Corsican nationalists, and royalists. Bonaparte took the side of the Jacobin faction of revolutionaries and was able to gain the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and command a group of volunteer fighters. After exceeding his leave of absence from the French army and leading a riot against a French Army in Corsica, Bonaparte was able to convince French military authorities in Paris to promote him to Captain in 1792. With his newly gained leadership role Napoleon returned to Corsica where he came into conflict with the Corsican leader, Paoli, who had decided to split with France and sabotage a French assault on the Sardinian island of La Maddalena, where Bonaparte was one of the expedition leaders. This split with Paoli caused Napoleon and his family to flee the French mainland in June of 1793. In July 1793, Napoleon was able to publish a pro-republican pamphlet, titled and translated into Supper at BeaucaireII. This pamphlet gained him the admiration and support of Augustin Robespierre, who was the younger brother of the revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre. With the help of fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of the republican forces at the siege of Toulon. The city had risen against the republican government and was occupied by British troops. During the siege of Toulon Napoleon adopted a plan to capture a hill that would allow him and hi republican guns to dominate the city’s harbor and force the British ships to evacuate. Although Bonaparte was wounded during this small battle, he still came out victorious and was promoted to Brigadier General. His actions during the siege of Toulon also brought him to the attention of the Committee of Public Safety and he was given command of the artillery arm of Frances Army of Italy. Following his promotion Napoleon became engaged to Desiree Clary, whose sister, Julie Clary, married Bonapartes elder brother Joseph in 1794. The Clarys were a wealthy merchant family from Marseilles. Shortly after his engagement to Ms. Clary, the Robespierres fell in July of 1794. As a result Bonaparte was put under house arrest in August 1794 for his association with the brothers; however, he was released after only ten days, but he still remained out of favor. Due to his house arrest Bonaparte was assigned to the Army of the West, in 1795, as an infantry commander in the War in the Vendee. To him this was a demotion and to avoid this posting he pleaded poor health. He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought, unsuccessfully, to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. Finally on Sept. 15 Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service, with the reason given being his refusal to serve in the Vendee campaign. He now faced a difficult financial situation and further reduced career prospects. On Oct. 3, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention after they were excluded from a new government. One of the leaders of the Thermidorian Reaction, Paul Barras, knew of Bonapartes military tactics at Toulon and gave him full command of the forces in the defense of the Convention in the Tuileries Palace. Bonaparte had witnessed the massacre of the Kings Swiss Guard there three years earlier and realized artillery would be the key to its defense. So Napoleon ordered a young cavalry officer, Joachim Murat, to seize large cannons and used them to repel the attackers in October of 1795. As a result 1,400 royalists died and the rest fled. He had cleared the streets with a whiff of grapeshot, according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle in The French Revolution: a History. Napoleon’s defeat of the Royalists helped the convention steer clear of any threats and shot Bonaparte into instant fame, wealth, and patronage. Once again Napoleon was promoted to Commander of the Interior and given command of the Army of Italy. After being promoted he broke off his engagement with Desiree Clary, and on March 9, 1795 he married Josephine de Beauharnais. With his just broken off engagement and then sudden wedding Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy and led them to the successful invasion of Italy. At the Battle of Lodi he defeated Austrian forces, and then drove them out of Lombardy. He was defeated at Caldiero by Austrian einforcements, led by Jozsef Alvinczi, though Bonaparte regained the initiative at the crucial Battle of the Bridge of Arcole and proceeded to subdue the Papal States. After going against the wishes of the Directory of invading Rome Napoleon, in March 1797, led his army into Austria and forced it to negotiate peace. Napoleon was able to create the Treaty of Leoben, which gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries and a secret clause promised th e Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100  years of independence; he also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark. The reason for Napoleon becoming successful as a general and military leader was because of his use of conventional military tactics and his new and creative uses for them. He referred to his tactics thus: I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning. Look at Caesar; he fought the first like the last. At the same time of these â€Å"expeditions† Napoleon continued to increase his influence in French politics. His next hope for conquest of England but following a couple of months of planning, Napoleon realized that the French Navy was not up to par to compete and battle the British Royal Navy. So he set his sights on Egypt. He believed that by conquering Egypt he and the French government would be able to cut off and undermine Britain’s access to the t rade markets in India. Napoleon also hoped by conquering Egypt he and the French could gain allies that would help fight against the English. The Directory, though troubled by the scope and cost of the enterprise, agreed with Bonaparte’s plan so the popular general would be absent from the centre of power. Finally Napoleon and his forces began their quest and were able to create strong military placements in places such as Malta. After successful defeats in the Battle of Chobrakit, Napoleon gained and alliance with the Mamluks who would help them prepare for the Battle of the Pyramids. In the End, even though being heavily outnumbered Napoleon and his forces were able to defeat the Egyptians. After facing a couple of his own defeats and the loss of many of his men due to sickness, Napoleon found it best to retreat back to Egypt, but at the same time he was still able to defeat some the Ottoman’s attacks. While he was in Egypt, Napoleon was kept up to date with European affairs. During this time he learned France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition. On Aug. 24, 1799, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact he had received no explicit orders from Paris. Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return to ward off possible invasions of French soil but poor lines of communication meant the messages had failed to reach him. By the time he reached Paris in October, Frances situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic was bankrupt, however, and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population. The Directory discussed Bonapartes desertion but was too weak to punish him. After arriving and seeing the situation had improved, but people unhappy with the French Directory, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, a director, approached Napoleon about overthrowing the French government. With his ego already inflated Napoleon agreed to help with the coupe and in the end became one of the provisional Consuls of the government. Though Sieyes expected to dominate the new regime, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul. This made Bonaparte the most powerful person in France and he took up residence at the Tuileries. In 1801, after years of war the British and the French were tired of fighting. So as a result they signed the Treaty of Amiens. However neither country completely complied with everything agreed upon in the treaty. In the beginning of his rule Napoleon instituted many lasting reforms. These reforms included centralized administration off the government’s departments, higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems a central bank for the country. In May 1802, he instituted the Legion dHonneur, a substitute for the old royalist decorations and orders of chivalry, to encourage civilian and military achievements; the order is still the highest decoration in France. Following his implementation of his reforms, Napoleons powers were increased by the Constitution of the Year X. Once he gained more power Napoleon also implemented his own set of civil codes, they would later become known as the Napoleonic Code. He hoped this would establish order within France and establish him as the absolute ruler. With his newly acquired power and political position, Napoleon began to face opposition from his rivals. Napoleon faced royalist and Jacobin plots as Frances ruler, including the Daggers conspiracy in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise two months later. With his enemies wanting him dead and Napoleon evading all such attempts, Bonaparte suggested re-creating a hereditary monarchy and naming himself as the emperor. Finally in December of 1804, after years of leading the French to many military victories, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself as the Emperor of France. After obtaining the full power of the French government and the people of France, Napoleon, heading into 1805, faced an uphill battle to continue to grow and build his empire. His first test came when Great Britain convinced Russia and Austria to join them in a Third Coalition to bring down France. This would be known as the War of the Third Coalition. Napoleon believed he would be able to lure the British Navy from the English Channel and invade England. However, Napoleon and his forces were unsuccessful in their attempt to invade England and realized this would most likely never be a realistic option. After realizing his failure, Napoleon decided to secretly march to Germany, also known as the Ulm Campaign, and would be a major turning point for the new French Empire. While he marched into Germany and was able to stop an Austrian attack, Napoleon and his army was defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar, which gave the British more control over the seas. Although they were defeated by the British Napoleon was able to keep his army strong and they came back and defeated the Austrians and the Russians at Austerlitz. Napoleon would go on to say, The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought. With enemies mounting Napoleon realized he needed help to grow his empire, so he turned to Middle-Eastern powers. Beginning in 1803, Napoleon went to considerable lengths to try to convince the Ottoman Empire to fight against Russia in the Balkans and join his anti-Russian coalition. Napoleon sent General Horace Sebastiani as envoy extraordinary, promising to help the Ottoman Empire recover lost territories. In February 1806, following Napoleons victory at Austerlitz and the ensuing dismemberment of the Habsburg Empire, the Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor, formally opting for an alliance with France our sincere and natural ally, and war with Russia and England. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between 1807 and 1809, but would later fall apart. Finally after receiving some help from Middle-Eastern powers Napoleon had to face the formation of the fourth Coalition in 1806. Napoleon defeated Prussia at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in October of 1806. Napoleon marched on against advancing Russian armies through Poland, and was involved in the bloody stalemate of the Battle of Eylau on Feb. 6, 1807. Following these decisive victories Napoleon signed treaties with Tsar Alexander I of Russia, which divided Europe between the two powers, and Prussia, giving France nearly half of Prussia’s territory. In 1809 Napoleon faced yet another coalition after a brief alliance with Austria fell apart. This became known as the War of the Fifth Coalition, with Austria and Great Britain joining forces. Napoleon had to take command of French forces when they tried to overtake the Danube River, but Austria was able to defeat the Napoleon advance. However, Austria did not take advantage of their victory and Napoleon and his forces were able to regroup, and Napoleon defeated the Austrians again at Wagram and a new peace, the Treaty of Schonbrunn, was signed between Austria and France. While Austria was being defeated, Britain decided to attempt and opens another front in mainland Europe. Napoleon though, was able to rush reinforcements to Antwerp, owing to Britains inadequately organized Walcheren Campaign. With the War of the Fifth Coalition Napoleon and France were riding high, they had control of most of Europe and tensions with Russia were very good due to the peace they both observed. By 1811 though, those tensions hit a rocky road and the alliance the two Western powers shared began to deteriorate quickly. The first clear sign the alliance had deteriorated was the relaxation of the Continental System in Russia, which angered Napoleon. After talks of both countries invading one another, France began preparations on making those talks come to life. Finally on in June of 1812, against the advice of invading the large nation, Napoleon invaded Russia. Once he began his attack on Russia, Napoleon hoped to gain the support from Polish nationalists and patriots, but Napoleon did not come to the terms Poland had wanted; so Napoleon and his French empire was forced to face Russia on their own. For the most part of the French invasion, Russia was able to avoid direct battle, and each time they would move further into the heartland of Russia. Also Russia as they retreated further into their heartland, they would burn and destroy everything they left. This caused problems for France because they found it increasingly difficult to get food for them and their horses. Finally in September of 1812, Russia battled the French close to Moscow. This was known as the Battle of Borodino and resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French, dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French appeared to have won the war, Napoleon realized he had a major problem on his hands, with the fact the Russians were not completely destroyed and ready to fight again. Napoleons own account was: The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible. Even with Napoleon worried with the resilience of the Russians Napoleon forged forward and the Russian forces retreated past Moscow. Now that Napoleon gained control of Moscow he ordered it to be burned, but with growing fears of him losing control back in France, Napoleon left Moscow with his army and returned to France. On his return to France, Napoleon and his forces took a break in fighting during the winter of 1812 and 1813, and he was able to rebuild his forces back up with a field of 350,000 troops. Although France and Napoleon were able to rebuild their army, countries including: Russia, Prussia, Portugal, Spain, Great Britain, Austria, and Sweden joined forces and created the Sixth Coalition. Napoleon took command of his forces in Germany and he was able to inflict a few defeats on the newly formed coalition, which culminated in the Battle of Dresden in August of 1813. Although Napoleon and France were successful, the numbers continued to mount against him, and his army was pinned down by a force twice its size and lost at the Battle of Leipzig. This was by far the largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars and cost more than 90,000 casualties in total. After these major defeats, Napoleon withdrew back into France, and his army was reduced to 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than three times as many Allied troops. The French were surrounded: the British army pressed from the south, and other Coalition forces positioned to attack France from the German states. Napoleon won a series of victories in the Six Days Campaign, though these were not significant enough to turn the tide and Paris was captured by the Coalition in March 1814. As a last resort Napoleon proposed the Army march on the Capital and take it back, but his marshals and generals had other ideas; their idea was to mutiny against one of the most powerful and successful leaders of all time. When he was confronted by his generals, Napoleon stated the army would follow him, but his generals replied back the army would follow its generals. The result of this rebellion was Napoleon abdicating his throne and his title as emperor. Although Napoleon tried to abdicate his throne to his son, the allies refused to allow this to happen on April 11, 1814, Napoleon was unconditionally abdicated. Napoleon, once abdicated, was exiled to Elba, a small Mediterranean Island off the coast of Tuscan. While there he retained the title of emperor and was given control of the island. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods. With his wife in Austria and under their control, and with rumors of him being moved to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon left Elba in February of 1815. Two days later he landed at Golfe-Juan on the French mainland. The French government learned of his whereabouts and sent a force to intercept him, but in their process of intercepting him, Napoleon gave them a chance to kill him; instead the force sent to retrieve him joined him. The soldiers followed him to Paris where Louis XVIII fled. In March of that same year, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw and four days later Great Britain, the Netherlands, Russia, Austria and Prussia bound themselves to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Once he was in Paris Napoleon governed for what would be known as, the Hundred Days. With his army growing he felt he could go on the offense; so he began attacking British and Prussian armies. In June of 1815 Napoleon took on allied forces in the Battle of Waterloo. The allied forces were able to withstand many repeated attacks by Napoleon and his forces, and after finally breaking through Napoleon’s army, coalition forces restored Louis XVIII as the leader of France. Off the port of Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, after consideration of an escape to the United States, Napoleon formally demanded political asylum from the British Captain Frederick Maitland on HMS  Bellerophon in July of 1815. Napoleon’s final attempt at gaining his throne back landed him on a tiny island in the Atlantic Ocean, called Saint Helena. During his time on the small island, Napoleon found it difficult to live. He faced many hardships while on Saint Helena and found it very frustrating. Many historians found that the conditions and treatments he was placed in and shown by those who sent him into exile were poor and degrading. Finally after nearly six years of being in exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon died. Napoleon fell ill in February of 1821, and his health deteriorated quickly. In two British physicians arrived on Saint Helena to attend to him where they where they saw all they could do for him was recommend palliatives. A couple of days after the physicians’ arrival, Napoleon Bonaparte died; after confession, Extreme Unction and Viaticum in the presence of Father Ange Vignali. In the end, Napoleon, has been known as the little guy with a big ego and attitude. While physically he did not look the part of a great ruler, he will forever be known as one of the greatest conquerors of World History. His success on the battlefield has been taught and will continue to be taught for many years to come. Napoleon was able to grow into one of the greatest emperors of all time and rule over one of the most powerful empires of all time.

Differences Between Probability and Statistics

Differences Between Probability and Statistics Probability and statistics are two closely related mathematical subjects. Both use much of the same terminology and there are many points of contact between the two. It is very common to see no distinction between probability concepts and statistical concepts. Many times material from both of these subjects gets lumped under the heading â€Å"probability and statistics,† with no attempt to separate what topics are from which discipline. Despite these practices and the common ground of the subjects, they are distinct. What is the difference between probability and statistics? What Is Known The main difference between probability and statistics has to do with knowledge. By this, we refer to what are the known facts when we approach a problem. Inherent in both probability and statistics is a population, consisting of every individual we are interested in studying, and a sample, consisting of the individuals that are selected from the population. A problem in probability would start with us knowing everything about the composition of a population, and then would ask, â€Å"What is the likelihood that a selection, or sample, from the population, has certain characteristics?† Example We can see the difference between probability and statistics by thinking about a drawer of socks. Perhaps we have a drawer with 100 socks. Depending upon our knowledge of the socks, we could have either a statistics problem or a probability problem. If we know that there are 30 red socks, 20 blue socks, and 50 black socks, then we can use probability to answer questions about the makeup of a random sample of these socks. Questions of this type would be: â€Å"What is the probability that we draw two blue socks and two red socks from the drawer?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What is the probability that we pull out 3 socks and have a matching pair?†Ã¢â‚¬ What is the probability that we draw five socks, with replacement, and they are all black?† If instead, we have no knowledge about the types of socks in the drawer, then we enter into the realm of statistics. Statistics help us to infer properties about the population on the basis of a random sample. Questions that are statistical in nature would be: A random sampling of ten socks from the drawer produced one blue sock, four red socks, and five black socks. What is the total proportion of black, blue and red socks in the drawer?We randomly sample ten socks from the drawer, write down the number of black socks, and then return the socks to the drawer. This process is done five times. The mean number of socks is for each of these trials is 7. What is the true number of black socks in the drawer? Commonality Of course, probability and statistics do have much in common. This is because statistics are built upon the foundation of probability. Although we typically do not have complete information about a population, we can use theorems and results from probability to arrive at statistical results. These results inform us about the population. Underlying all of this is the assumption that we are dealing with random processes. This is why we stressed that the sampling procedure we used with the sock drawer was random. If we do not have a random sample, then we are no longer building upon assumptions that are present in probability. Probability and statistics are closely linked, but there are differences. If you need to know what methods are appropriate, just ask yourself what it is that you know.

Intelligence and the Concept of G Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intelligence and the Concept of G - Essay Example On his road to achieve this Spearman developed Factor Analysis a statistical analysis method to determine if there were correlations between independent factors. In 1904, Spearman published "General Intelligence, Objectively Measured and Observed" in which the first scientific definition of intelligence was put forth. According to Spearman, intelligent behaviour is generated by a single, unitary quality within the human mind or brain. Spearman derived this theoretical entity, called the general factor, or simply g, through a new statistical technique that analyzed the correlations among a set of variables. This technique, called factor analysis, demonstrated that scores on all mental tests are positively correlated; this offered compelling evidence that all intelligent behaviour is derived from one metaphorical pool of mental energy" ("Charles" 2007, 1). In short, Spearman's Theory of General Intelligence states "all variation in intelligence test scores can be explained by two factors. The first is the factor specific to an individual mental task: the individual abilities that would make a person more skilled at one cognitive task than another. The second is g, a general factor that governs performance on all cognitive tasks" (History 2007, 1). Researchers have long agreed that there is a wide range of ability in basic cognitive skills such as logical reasoning, spatial analogies, completion of matrices, vocabulary and other mental tests among different people. The same people tend to do better on these tests across the entire range of tests than do other people. Further, by use of statistical analysis of this raw data, researcher have isolated the cause for the differences in people's mental reasoning abilities to one factor credited for this consistent accelerated performance - that one factor is 'g'. G acts like a correlation coefficient with a value of .65 (Flynn 2003). Jensen (2002) reported that individuals with higher levels of g, in effect, have better brains. People with these higher levels of g tend to prefer more complex cognitive tasks resulting in high g loading. To explain this Jensen (2002, 153) states: "some property of the brain has cognitive manifestations that result in the emergence of g." In effect, Jensen (2002) asserts that g is a measure of the influence on brain quality. The higher the g; the 'better' the brain; this result equates to an advantage in any cognitive skill utilized. Johnson et al. (2004) conducted a study to determine whether g, in actuality, predicts a wide range of cognitive performances. The researchers predicted that Spearman's g would have a strong correlation on a diverse set of abilities. The empirical evidence proving the existence of g is well documented. However, there remains some controversy in that "the social implications of the existence of measurable individual differences in a personal characteristic that is highly predictive of a broad range of life outcomes" (Johnson et al. 2004, 96). The researchers assert that regardless of the battery of tests utilized to measure g, the results should be uniform across various test batteries. If, in fact, g varies across these different kinds of test

Compare and contrast The Story of an hour and the House on Mango Essay

Compare and contrast The Story of an hour and the House on Mango Street - Essay Example Mallard is the victim of her torturing husband, whereas in the other story the lead character is the victim of poverty and the so-called hypocritical values of the society and class discrimination. Both the lead characters, which seem to be weak initially emerge as strong characters towards the end of the stories. We can say that these stories have a strong theme and they speak about the "Quest for Identity" of the female lead characters. In "The Story of an Hour", the narrator of the story is probably the writer herself. Being a woman and a true feminist she has handled this story in a very tender manner. The female protagonist, Mrs. Mallard comes from an upper class family. This is quite apparent from the way her house is described by the writer. The words like comfortable roomy armchair, an open square in front of the house, staircase, tall trees, twittering of birds and blue skies indicate that she lived a very comfortable life. But despite of all these comforts, she seems to be extremely unhappy with her life. In "The House on Mango Street", the name of the narrator is Esperanza. In the first chapter of the story the names of the narrator and her parents are not revealed. We come to know of their names after reading the entire novel. Contrary to the "The Story of an hour ", the female protagonist in this story comes from a poor class family, which is also apparent from the way the writer has described her house. She describes her house in the following words - "It's small and red with tight steps in front and windows so small you'd think they were holding their breath. Bricks are crumbling in places, and the front door is so swollen you have to push hard to get in. There is no front yard, only four little elms the city planted by the curb. Out back is a small garage for the car we don't own yet and a small yard that looks smaller between the two buildings on either side. There are stairs in our house, but they're ordinary hallway stairs, and the house has only one washroom. Everybody has to share a bedroom-Mama and Papa, Carlos and Kiki, me and Nenny." From these lines we can very well understand what the state of the house as well as the state of mind of the girl is. Thus "The House on Mango Street" is a depiction of the thoughts of a small girl who is growing up to the stage of adolescence and has started realizing slowly the prejudices in the society. In "The Story of an Hour" the mood is gloomy and full of suspense and tragedy. When the sister of Mrs. Mallard, Josephine and her husband's friend Richard break the news of her husband's death to her, she is shocked initially and weeps in her sister's arms. But when she retires to her room and relaxes in her cozy armchair, she starts thinking about her past life. She lived in a society which had specific and strict rules of conduct, and she being from an elite class had to abide by the rules or the dogmas laid down by the society. She was dominated by her husband and did not have the liberty to take her own decisions. It is only when she sits alone, relaxed in the armchair that she becomes aware of her surroundings and their beauty. It shows that she was so engrossed in her married life and had so many preoccupations that she was oblivious to the true world. She was only used to living in the hypocritical world where money and social status had great significance. It is while she is enjoying her rediscovered identity and freedom and feeling happy, that she sees her husband

Lewis and clark among the indians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lewis and clark among the indians - Essay Example The American explorations have extended beyond the earth and now venture to delve into the interstellar space. But space adventure is insipid because it has more space for machines and the technicalities are beyond the comprehension of ordinary men. Ronda thinks that the story of Lewis and Clarke is more palpable as it is still accessible. It is possible to follow the footprints of Lewis and Clarke and hence Ronda gives the directive, " to get off the boat, and get on the bank". It is usual for American explorers to use casually terms like "wilderness" and "unknown" to describe homelands of native people. In fact these regions were the real milieu of Native American homes with their adjoining gardens and hunting lands. The journey of Lewis and Clark and their entourage, bearing the massive inventory of the expedition could not have completed the mission without co-operation and support of the natives. It is highly doubtful whether they would have survived in the rugged and hostile terrain without heavily relaying on the expertise of the natives for whom it was their home. The wealth of vital topographic knowledge about rivers, streams, hills, and passages might have been invaluable logistic support on their itinerary. Sacagawea epitomized in many ways the wide interaction between the natives and Corpse of Discovery. She was not merely a handy guide; her presence reassured the Native Page 3 Americans that the expedition was not a hostile military infringement on their domain. Her standing as the sister of Cameahwait, a Shoshone chief, who provided crucial assistance, which did contribute to the success of the expedition. In addition to that Sacagawea was a crucial link facilitating communication with her own people, the Shoshones. The expedition of Lewis and Clark was a command exploration ordered by the then United States President, Thomas Jefferson. Why did he order it There are a plethora of motives that goad explorers to brave the tumultuous waves of perilous oceans, to confront the dusty heat waves of the desert and to scale the precipitous cliffs. But social historians have narrowed down the motives of the states man to the inordinate craving of man for gold and glory. Ronda's book does highlight these motives found in this mission. The purchase of Louisiana in 1803 was an event that wet the American appetite for expansion. The U. S. Congress appropriated 2500 U S Dollars for this. The parameters of the exploration were set as the study of the Indian tribes, Botany, Geology, Western Terrain and wildlife and to evolve a strategy to contain the British and French-Canadian poachers who were some what well established in the region. Page 4 Another motive of the venture was to carve out a viable route and survey the possibility of opening up a fully operational waterway to aid the American expansion further westward. Though this objective could not be achieved, the first contact of Lewis and Clark

ASSIGNMENT ON EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL RESPONSE Essay - 1

ASSIGNMENT ON EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL RESPONSE - Essay Example It is against this background that this paper provides an in depth analysis of the external environment of the proposed Castle Hotel in light of the PEST model. To enhance coherence, the paper begins by justifying the entry into the hotel industry. As indicated earlier, the hotel industry in New Zealand offers a lucrative environment for sustained growth. The decision to enter into this business was informed by various factors. To begin with, the industry is all seasonal. In this regard, Hall (2000) indicates that the hotel industry deals with the most basic human needs and it is unlikely that one would miss clients at any point in the year. Preliminary researches indicate that Auckland City is a hub for tourists and business persons from across the globe. Providing a hotel with six star standards will probably give the investor a chance to explore this market niche with ease. PEST analysis reviews the political, economic, social and technological facets of the business environment. This is fundamental in enabling the investors to identify any opportunities for growth and seize them in a timely and effective manner. Furthermore, investors can use this information to minimize threats that compromise sustainable growth and development of a particular business. The political environment of any country greatly influences the performance of both local and international business. Respective governments have put in place rules and regulations that need to be adhered to by investors. If these are not supportive of economic growth, they can cripple relative development initiatives. With respect to the hotel business venture, the political environment in New Zealand offers distinct opportunities that can be effectively explored for growth and development. In his review, Elebiary (2012) indicates that the enlargement of the European Union has opened up the destination for increased international tourist arrivals. In addition, the government has huge incentives for the est ablishment and development of luxurious hotels. This according to Elebiary (2012) is due to the fact that the hotels contribute significantly to the country’s gross domestic product. However, there are political threats that are likely to affect the success of this business. Reportedly, governments charge huge taxes from these star hotels. In addition, there are stringent rules and huge penalties for hotels that fail to comply with the established health and safety rules. To address issues pertaining to huge taxes, the hotel will equally charge high prices to cater for all the operating costs. The economic facet of this analysis underscores the economic trends in the country which have direct impacts on the performance of this luxurious hotel. Being an international venture, this business will attract clientele from the international pool too (Birt, 2004). The first opportunity offered in the economic sphere pertains to the 17.1% rise of the global net worth of individuals (E lebiary, 2012). This implies that the industry is likely to receive more clients. Then, economic trends ascertain that this industry is not commonly affected by recession. Most importantly, the growing national Growth domestic product (GDP) of New Zealand and other countries in the European Union imply that more individuals will be able to afford the luxurious services that

ANALYSE THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF OFSTED REPORT PROVIDED. FOR Essay

ANALYSE THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF OFSTED REPORT PROVIDED. FOR EACH IDENTIFIED STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS PROVIDE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT YOUR VIEW USING Statutory Framework EYFS 2014 - Essay Example The Statutory Requirement provides that The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) sets the benchmarks necessitating early year’s providers to adhere. Such standards ensure that children learn and develop effectively, safe and the healthy. In order to scrutinize the strength and weakness of Ofsted report, the researcher strictly employs EYFS provisions that seeks to ensure quality and consistency in all early years setting to ensure each child effectively progress and no kids lags behind. Second, a secure foundation via learning and development opportunities that are designed with the needs and interest of every individual child and whether they are regularly assessed. Thirdly, Partnership working with providers and parents as well as cares. Finally, equality of opportunity as well as anti-discriminatory practices for equal inclusion and support of every child. Analysis of the report reveals an active partnership between the providers and fathers that is in line with the provision of the Statutory Requirement. The active cooperation is essential to this organization as staff keep parents updated about their children’s progress and suggest ways in which parents can further support their children’s studies at home. According to the section one of Statutory Requirement, learning and development recognizes the active partnership with parents and practitioners as a promoter of the learning and development of all children in the care besides ensuring that they are set for school. The existing evidence on how children learn and reflect the vast range of knowledge, skills and attitudes required by children as the foundations for real future progress. The Early Years providers, therefore, ascertain that children complete the EYFS in order to grasp the future opportunities. Such active partnership help realize the seven key principles of learning and development such as communication and language, physical development, personal, social and emotional

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Obesity - Essay Example The carbohydrate limitations in the diet programme stimulate early loss of weight through reductions in the amount of body fluid and micronutrients. The loss of micronutrients (e.g. calcium), as well as essential antioxidants, is possibly the most risky aspect of the New Atkins Diet. Dr. Atkins himself identified this risk and prescribed mega-supplements, particularly those he produced (Westman et al. 2010, 66). This essay analyses the various aspects of the New Atkins Diet, specifically, (1) the plan, (2) calorific intake, (3) reasons why this plan may be successful or unsuccessful, and (4) whether the plan is safe, nutritionally balanced suitable for steady long-term weight loss. The Plan The New Atkins Diet has four stages, namely, (1) induction, (2) ongoing weight loss, (3) pre-maintenance, and (4) lifetime maintenance (Murray, Pizzorno, & Pizzorno 2006, 10). The first stage is the initial, and most prohibitive. Intake of carbohydrate is restricted to 20 net grams daily, and a hi gh portion of it should be obtained from vegetables (Westman, Phinney, & Volek 2010, 82). The prescribed foods are vegetable oils and butter, low-carb vegetables, hard cheese, eggs, poultry, seafood (e.g. shellfish), and meats. Alcoholic drinks are prohibited throughout this stage. It is advised to take daily multivitamin minerals (Murray et al. 2006, 10-11). Nevertheless, merely monitoring a dieter’s weight is effective. Loss of weight will differ by individual. The second stage, the Ongoing Weight Loss (OWL), involves additional intake of carbohydrate, but only at quantities where loss of weight takes place. The target in OWL is to hit upon the ‘critical carbohydrate level for losing’ (Bowden 2004, 70) and to accurately identify in a regulated manner how high-carb foods influence a dieter’s control over craving. At the early phase of OWL, one should increase daily consumption of induction recommended vegetables. At the later phase of OWL, one should stic k to the carbohydrate structure Dr. Atkins formulated for this stage and include fresh dairy. The structure has nine levels and must be followed sequentially. The levels are like this (MobileReference 2007, 6): Induction acceptable vegetables. Fresh dairy Nuts Berries Alcohol Legumes Other fruits Starchy vegetables Grains In the pre-maintenance stage the intake of carbohydrate is raised once more, and the primary objective in this stage is to uncover the ‘critical carbohydrate level for maintenance, (Atkins 2002, 170)’ which is the highest amount of carbohydrates a dieter can consume daily without adding pounds. The lifetime maintenance stage, which is the last one, is designed to continue the routines attained in the earlier stages, and put off the usual habit of going back to earlier routines and earlier weight (Atkins 2002, 170). Organic, unrefined food consumptions are stressed, with the opportunity to return to a previous stage if one starts to gain weight. Calorif ic Intake Dissimilar from the conventional food pyramid, the New Atkins Diet focuses on foods rich in protein rather than unprocessed grain foods (Insel, Turner, & Ross 2009, 298). Furthermore, this new diet programme does not restrict the quantity of food a dieter consumes. It merely restricts the kind of food a dieter consumes. Moreover, this diet plan is distinct from many other diets in the sense that a dieter does not have to monitor his/her calorific intake. Actually, numerous individuals on Atkins get much